ROLE OF FUNGICIDE APPLICATIONS ON THE INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF WHEAT STRIPE RUST

First described in Europe in 1777, stripe rust (SR) caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend.f.sp.tritici Erikss (Pst) is one of the most important and destructive diseases of wheat worldwide.Until 2000, SR was mainly endemic to cooler regions, but since then, new aggressive strains have emerged, spread intercontinentally, and caused severe epidemics

The group teaching optimization algorithm (GTOA) is a meta heuristic optimization algorithm simulating the group teaching mechanism.The inspiration of GTOA comes from the group teaching mechanism.Each student CANNACELL GLOW MASK will learn the knowledge obtained in the teacher phase, but each student’s autonomy is weak.This paper considers that e